Transcript

(This transcript is partly AI-generated and may contain inaccuracies.)

Sora Park

We’ve found that only 3% of Australian adults were able to identify misinformation online.

Tanya Notely

So, we have to upskill people and so that’s about technical skills, knowledge but also the critical questions. The critical questions get you a long way in terms of thinking about who shared this and whether I can trust them or not.

National Security Podcast

You're listening to the National Security Podcast, the show that brings you expert analysis, insights and opinion on the national security challenges facing Australia and the Indo-Pacific. Produced by the ANU National Security College.

Tim Wilford

G'day, welcome to the National Security Podcast. I'm Tim Wilford, Senior Manager of Policy and Engagement here at the College. I'd like to acknowledge the Ngunawal and Nambri people, traditional owners of the lands on which this episode is being recorded. I pay my respects to their elders past and present.

In his latest book, historian philosopher Yuval Noah Harari argues that we're living through the most profound information revolution in human history. And he goes on to say that large scale democracies became feasible only after the rise of modern information technologies. Democracy is a conversation, he explains. Its function and survival depend on the available information technology.

So what are we to do as the foundational communication systems of democracies around the globe undergo seismic change? How are Australians and Australian democracy in particular adapting? Today, I'm joined by two of Australia's leading media and communications experts to explore the role for media literacy in this brave new world.

Dr. Sora Park is Professor of Communication and Professorial Research Fellow at the University of Canberra's News and Media Research Centre.

Dr. Tanya Notley is Associate Professor at Western Sydney University's Institute for Culture and Society. And very recently, she became a distinguished advisor right here at the NSC. Sora, Tanya, welcome to the podcast.

Tanya Notley

Thanks, Tim, great to be with you.

Sora Park

Nice to be here.

Tim Wilford

So at this point, some listeners might be thinking, what has media literacy got to do with Australia's national security? For those of you, I hope by the end of this conversation, you have a better understanding of how the aggregated media habits of Australians have a huge societal impact on our prosperity, on our cohesion, and importantly, our security. It's not a stretch to say that our media habits literally shape our reality. Now, Sora, I might start with you. I think it's safe to assume that listeners of this podcast not only have an internet connection, but have witnessed first-hand the fundamental changes to media over recent decades. But could you share some specific data points with us? Just how much have Australian media habits changed?

Sora Park

Yes, today's media landscape is rapidly shifting with audiences' attention going to many different content options such as social media. So I think the biggest change that's been happening in the past decade is that more people are now using social media to access news. About 49 % of Australians use social media to get news and about one in four say it's their main source of news. And this number jumps a lot when it comes to younger people. example, Generation Z say they use social media as their main source of news. About three quarters of Gen Z say social media is a source of news and about 60 % of these younger generations say it's their main source.

Tim Wilford

And Tanya, can you tell us what is media literacy? And I guess bouncing off what Sora's just told us, why does it matter?

Tanya Notley

So media literacy refers to a person's ability to access, use, create and share a diverse range of media while critically reflecting on their media engagement. And that critical reflection is what makes the media literacy approach different to other approaches, say digital safety or digital literacy, which might not have that focus. So when we're teaching media literacy or creating learning resources, we're really integrating three things. First, critical thinking about media concepts.

Second, knowledge about media industries and technologies and environments and third, digital skills. So it's really about the combination of those three things and you know together we believe that those things are essential for making critical choices not just about the content you believe but also the creation of reliable content because we're all content creators now and also decisions about the environments that we use and that are right for us.

Tim Wilford

And presumably, in the context of environments, does media literacy include things behind the curtain like personal data and the value of personal data, the vulnerability of people's personal data, or is that separate?

Tanya Notley

No, absolutely. We need to be making informed decisions about not just the platforms we use, but how we use them. So thinking about those privacy and data security options that are available to us and making really conscious decisions about whether this is the right place for this content for, you know, this is the right place for you to be using for this purpose. So it's really very much about informed decisions about platforms and technologies as well.

Tim Wilford

And Sora, you and Tanya have done some really interesting research together. What can you tell us about how literate Australians actually are when it comes to media technologies?

Sora Park

So we tested people's ability to verify information online by giving people four simple tasks on social media and online websites to see if they can identify false or misleading information. And we found that only 3 % of Australian adults were able to identify misinformation online.

Tim Wilford

And what's the significance of this low level of media literacy and ability to identify misinformation?

Sora Park

The ability was low across the board, regardless of age and many other factors. And it just means that most people find it very difficult to navigate this online space and trying to find quality information and discerning it from this information. So everyone's struggling. I think that's the important finding from our research.

Tim Wilford

And in the digital news report Australia that you're the project lead off, you saw concern across Australian population for online misinformation has increased over the last few years and actually it's well above the global average. Why do you think Australia is an outlier in that domain?

Sora Park

Yes, you're correct. About three thirds of Australians say they are concerned about misinformation online and it has increased a lot during the past few years. I think in part it has to do with the pandemic where people did see lots of misinformation and were concerned about their that impact on their health and their health decisions. Generally, Australians are more concerned in many other aspects of things like AI and algorithms we tend to be more concerned compared to people in other countries and that probably has to do with our level of news consumption. Australians are light news consumers and oftentimes these technologies, people have lack awareness of these technologies and if they don't know what it is they seem to have higher concerns. So same with misinformation, people know it's out there.

But because they're not regular consumers of news or regular consumers of good quality information, they are more concerned than people in other countries where they may have higher levels of news consumption or higher levels of media literacy where they have confidence to navigate the online space.

Tim Wilford

And Tanya, correct me if I'm wrong, but in the most recent research that you and Sora conducted with a team of others, you didn't actually scratch into disinformation specifically. Would misinformation be a relatively good proxy for people's ability to identify disinformation?

Tanya Notley

Sure, well we have implemented a large-scale nationally representative media literacy surveys in 2021 and 2024 and so what we can see is that overall most adult Australians have a low level of confidence in their media abilities. You know in this survey we ask about people's confidence to perform a series of 11 media related tasks and these included critical, technical and knowledge abilities. There were only three tasks out of those 11 that more than 50 % of were confident they could do and that was find information they need online which only 60 % were confident about or change their privacy settings on social media only 52 % and so what we can see is that less than half of adults were confident that they could check if information they found online was true, less than half were confident they could check if a website can be trusted.

So these two things are absolutely essential to spotting misinformation and then we can see an even greater drop when it comes people's creative abilities like being able to edit a photo or video. So that overall low level of confidence is a real concern because we know that in fact that there's often a tendency for people to over inflate their abilities so we can expect they're worse than that and of course that proved to be the case when our Fulleron survey which Sora has spoken about found that you know only three percent really had could demonstrate an ability to verify information online and what we found is that there are a large amount of people who are confident that they could, you know, find if decide if information they find online is true or not. People who are confident about that, many of them actually couldn't do it when it came to being tested.

So that's a real concern that there is actually already a low level of confidence, but then there are lots of people who are overconfident about their ability to spot misinformation. And that is a real worry because those people might be more resistant to getting or seeking media literacy support. But it's important to say that we can see that some groups have less confidence than other groups. So adults who are age 60 plus, people with low incomes, people have a level of education, they all have less confidence in their media abilities but also they were less likely to have people that they could turn to when they needed media literacy support.

Tanya Notley

There's a very strong case there that Australians don't have sufficient confidence or ability but what's really heartening in that same survey is that 80%, so four in five Australians, believe that adults need media literacy education support and most people want it for themselves. Most people said they wanted to learn how to find news that's reliable and trustworthy, how to identify missing disinformation, how to protect themselves from scams and predators.

Say they want media literacy support on those topics. So that's an incredible opportunity for governments and for educators but at the moment it's an unfulfilled opportunity because there's very little happening in that space and too little adults know where to turn to for media literacy support. So that's an issue that our project is trying to address but we need to see a lot of measures and activities if we're going to really respond to that great opportunity.

Tim Wilford

So there's a need, there's a want. Let's turn to solutions. We're recording this late in December, 2024. And just only a day or two ago, the Australian government has committed to developing Australia's first national media literacy strategy. So I'd like to hear from each of you, what would you like to see ideally in that strategy? What's your wishlist?

Sora Park

Yeah, we've been waiting for this national strategy for many, many years. It's long overdue, but we really welcome the opportunity now to have one. Most important thing is that from research, we know that people's media consumption is embedded in their everyday lives. Everyone's different. There are many different parts of the community that need different types of support.

So I think recognising that there are vulnerable communities who are in more need of urgent support versus general population. So I think we need to understand Australian communities better and develop new programs that can serve everyone in different ways.

Tanya Notley

Yeah and I think it's important to say you know we have been advocating for this for years and I'm also part of the Australian Media Literacy Alliance that's been our kiosk from government because the important thing about a strategy is that it will set out what we need and want media literacy to achieve and you know where efforts should be concentrated and like Sora says which groups really should be receiving more support where there should be more funding efforts to reach particular communities.

So that will be a really important foundation and starting point. But obviously we don't just want a strategy, we need the action. So we need to have funding and I believe that funding should come from governments but also from philanthropic organisations and from the platforms themselves. And it's important to say that there was initiatives within the Missing Disinformation Bill that did not get up at the end of this year.

Platforms needed to be reporting on what they're doing to support media literacy and I do think we need to ensure we have action from platforms whether that's funding initiatives or making them visible on platforms because we know that Australians use social media platforms more frequently than any other type of media so we've got to be delivering and reaching people with media literacy in those spaces.

You know, I would say the strategy is absolutely critical and what's great about this strategy is that it's a national co-design process so it provides an opportunity for stakeholders across the country to have their say and to really be part of moving forward together in this space. And I think that that is really critical and really important and really happy to see that that funding and initiative is now going to move forward.

Tim Wilford

And there's been a huge volume of policymaking in this space in the last few months. Have we got any best practice examples from other countries about how to do media literacy in an integrated way, in a way that's sort of systematic and not just putting the onus on individuals to sort of DIY, if you like? How do we create a sort of supportive integrated response to this issue?

Tanya Notley

Well, I think that's right. think it's really important to recognise that media literacy is not a singular solution and it needs to come with other measures and that in fact we have to have different measures happening at the same time to really be effective and that includes appropriate regulation, it includes action from the platforms, but of course education is a key part of it it's what we're focusing on.

And we do have policy-based practice around the world to look to. So, in Finland all government departments need to be integrating media literacy into the work they do so it's very cohesive but also you know what's interesting about Finland and also a number of other countries like the Netherlands for example is that where countries where there are strong public cultural institutions that have great reach that have trust, you know, that already have education as their mandate, they are the organisations tasked with leading this and that's what we've argued we need in Australia because we do have great public broadcasters libraries and incredible library infrastructure, we have, you know, radio stations across the country, have museums with really great reach and so we've argued that public cultural institutions should be leading this work in Australia.

We need lots of different actors involved but those organizations are here to say they're sustainable and they already have education as their mandate and they're already doing this work.

So I think it's really important that we follow the lead in that way and we support public cultural institutions to do that capacity building of health organisations, of local NGOs, of all different sorts of organisations but also of course importantly educators and teachers. So that's what we really need to look at, that has been a really successful model in other countries and it makes sense in the Australian context.

We've seen a really big uptick in media literacy policy say in the last five to ten years around the world. In Europe they updated their audio visual media directive services directive and that means that every EU country has to report every couple of years what they're doing in terms of media literacy policy and funding and projects so this is really widespread in terms of advanced democracies now and so I would say that in terms of policy Australia has been behind but this is obviously a really critical first step that will take us forward I think.

Tim Wilford

Sora, do you have anything to add?

Sora Park

Yes, we could borrow from other countries good examples of finding good solutions in terms of regulation. So for example, EU's Digital Services Act has been operating since 2022 and what that means is that EU can regulate online intermediaries and platforms such as social media or video platforms or app stores.

But the key to this act is that platforms are required to have transparency and that the government could actually act upon that. So by transparency clauses we mean, you know, mandating the disclosure of how they moderate the content and what content they decide to remove or label what algorithms they are using and so that gives citizens and the government clarity as to why certain content is appearing and how  we can stop it. For example misinformation, we have to know why it's appearing there to know the way to regulate it and they also differentiate large platforms and the rationale is that if you're a large platform and they have a threshold of 45 million monthly users in a EU country, which means that they have a big social impact.

This impact is very important criteria that if you are, if you have a societal impact, you have to have the responsibility. So these very large online platforms, I think they identified around 17 of these. So these online platforms are required to have certain additional measures and they are required to review their potential risks and harms of society. And if EU thinks that there is a problem, then they can require them to have access to the data of algorithms and also require them giving access to certain vetted researchers – so they could explore the real problem behind all of this. Because all of this is not just technology, it's also the users who are using the technology. So it has to be a very collaborative approach which the EU has taken.

 So I think there's a lot to learn from a much broader scale regulatory environment because most of these problems of misinformation media literacy comes from having these monopoly big tech platforms that are dominating the information system.

So I think we can do more to have much a broader regulatory environment to make the information ecosystem more healthier and better for citizens.

Tim Wilford

And presumably that would have a big impact on public trust in those, I guess, companies, but also the ecosystem more broadly. I definitely think we could have a whole separate podcast conversation about trust, but just going to something you mentioned, I think the behaviour of the platforms and how they operate, obviously there are some issues around that, but can we turn as well to the news media environment and news producers?

I'll bring in here, a quote from a media luminary, Ron Burgundy from Anchorman too, if I may. He says, “why do we have to tell people what they need to hear? Why can't we just tell them what they want to hear?”.

So jokes aside, you know, we know people have a bias towards information that accords with their worldview. And we know also that, you know, a few media outlets capitalize on this.

What can be done and how can we account for not only human nature, which I think Ron sort of is getting at there, but also, you know, the news media business and how ultimately that's going through and continues to go through a really difficult time.

Sora Park

I think it's incredibly important to have a healthy news media ecosystem for democracy in any country. And in Australia, it is at risk because we're seeing local news closing every day. You know, the quality of information, as you mentioned, is declining. It's like clickbait journalism. All of that is because the industry is shrinking because of, you know, the competition with global digital platforms for audiences and advertising.

And news industry hasn't found a sustainable business model yet. They're trying very hard but we're not quite there so I do think in the interim there must be some support from the government and society to keep our news system good quality so that people can make informed decisions.

And in the media literacy test, the information test, we found that those who are regular consumers of news are much more likely to have better skill sets to verify online misinformation. we do see a link there. So I think it's incredible. It's very important that the news environment should be supported.

And to go back to your suggestion that people like…people only like viewpoints that are similar to their own and gravitate towards that. To an extent that is true, but in our digital news report we also see most consumers consuming from both sides of the spectrum. So it's not just left to right political spectrum that determines which news brands you consume. Most people access slightly different political viewpoints, meaning that people even though they might not agree with it, they are interested in what the other side thinks, what other people think.

So I think there is room to nurture that more because I think it is a huge assumption that people will just consume what they agree with because I don't think that is founded in evidence.

National Security Podcast

We’ll be right back.

In this disrupted world, Australia needs security professionals more than ever. Join the next generation studying at the ANU National Security College. Our programs uniquely fuse academic knowledge with practitioner experience and fit around your lifestyle with study offered online and on campus. Follow the link in the show notes for more information about programs and scholarships.

The ANU National Security College. Engaging minds for a secure Australia.

Tim Wilford

And you mentioned before, which was quite surprising to me, that Australians are light news consumers. You know, I know from that news report that you found that I think it's 68 % of Australians are news avoiders. So is the problem that actually people just don't want news?

Sora Park

Yes, that is correct. Yes, we are one of the highest among 47 countries that say people that say people say they actively avoid news and 68 % do and it's been increasing. Younger women are much more likely to say they avoid news and people are growing tired of news. That is that is a fact. it is… to be fair, it's not only because of the news they see, it's the environment where they see news.

So you're on social media, you're on online platforms, news is mixed with all the other information and that is overwhelming. So that's the main cause of news avoidance is that there is just too much information and it's hard for people to identify which information is good for me, which is useful to me.

So I think that overall information fatigue is one of the big reasons people avoid news – something to be addressed.

Tim Wilford

Tanya, do you have anything to add?

Tanya Notley

Yeah look, Sora and I and others do a survey of young people in news as well, that's eight to sixteen-year-olds and what we can see is that...you know, although there are a lot of people who get news from social media, that's not their intention, it's not why they're going to social media. So that's where the challenge comes in. I'm going to social media to turn off, to switch off, to relax. And this, do not want to see this hard-hitting news at the moment. And so that can relate to the high levels of news avoidance because it's in spaces where I'm not looking for it. But doesn't necessarily mean I overall never want to get news.

But we can also see, know, Sora mentioned from her survey that younger women are more likely to practice news avoidance. But we can also see from earlier surveys, I believe, Sora, that that group was the most dissatisfied with the way they represented and included by news. So oftentimes all the problems and woes related to news are put on the platforms rather than news organizations themselves and what they can do. You know, we did a diary study this year as well of 50 people to really look at their engagement with news and information over a week and what we found is that the most times when people were identifying this information it was from news organizations themselves and a lot of time it was clickbait and so you know there's this problem that the clickbait is effective it gets people to click and then they're really annoyed when they get there and realize that it was clickbait so you know news organizations are addicted to getting these numbers and hits because it serves them well and yet it's creating increased mistrust and dissatisfaction.

So there are a lot of things that news organizations do and these are not surprises or secrets. I've heard people saying these things for a decade and yet there are a lot of news organizations who just aren't willing to address it and it's causing generalized mistrust in news and it's getting them short-term wins and having long-term damage. So news organizations really, I think many of them need to stop blaming digital platforms for of their woes and look at what else they can do to increase trust because increasing trust will have long-term benefits for them.

Tim Wilford

Hmm, hmm, definitely.  I think it's also worth noting that, public interest journalism, especially from the likes of SBS and ABC does exist in a world and is competing in the same market as commercial news media, still very much looking to ratings and conscious of how they can get eyeballs and eyeballs and all of that.

Moving along to, I guess, looking into the future and specifically now I'd like to talk about AI and how it may evolve and affect this space.

So we've seen over, I think, recent months, Google Search has been increasingly rolling out and trialling it's AI summaries and search results. Anyone who's used chat GPT knows that if you're wanting to seek sourcing material for where that information comes from, it's very difficult. looking into a world where, obviously, checking your sources is one part of media literacy, not the whole picture, but moving into a world where it would be either technically impossible or would take you so long to check sources that you'd have to quit your day job, how can we prepare for a world of AI in the context of media literacy?

Tanya Notley

Yeah, look, this is... really important and really complicated. So in our adult media literacy survey, and we got that data at the beginning of 2024, we could see that six in 10 adult Australians believed they hadn't used generative AI at all. I think this would have dramatically changed with the integration of generative AI into search tools and other software. But we could see that overall there is a negative sentiment towards generative AI in Australia.

And so I think that's understandable and people are concerned. At the same time, what we don't want to see is a growing digital divide with some people really exploiting the benefits of generative AI and others who are less confident in their abilities not benefiting and falling behind there. So it's a complex space because there are very valid concerns around the environmental impacts with generative AI, the potential for manipulation. And there's a lot happening in this space of attempting to have labelling, whether that's on platforms or on software itself. And I think they're really important.

But the reality is that people obviously need to be able to identify whether something is generative AI or not which is increasingly difficult to do. So you know as a first step the foundation of media literacy is asking critical questions about whether this is reliable and trustworthy and then you know more advanced skills about doing a reverse image search to look at the origins of images etc.

So we need to be upskilling people and I think there's a real concern you know I remember in our diary study somebody saying I know this is real because video doesn't lie, video does lie we just have you know Sora released a generative AI video software so we have to upskill people and so that's about technical skills, knowledge but also the critical questions. The critical questions get you a long way in terms of thinking about who shared this and whether I can trust them or not.

So yeah, look, I think it's really important, but obviously it's a huge issue that media literacy educators and we need to think about in terms of media literacy space and it's something that's certainly educators have been thinking about and updating the way they teach media literacy to respond to this for some time now.

Tim Wilford

Sora, what do you think?

Sora Park

Yeah, I agree. The first hurdle, I think, is to improve the awareness of these technologies and the impact they can have. Because in our survey and also the digital news report, many people are not really aware of what AI is and what it does, what it can do. So if you're not aware, you wouldn't be looking to scrutinise it.

So I think the first step is to have this awareness. And we also found that this awareness is also linked to their information consumption habits. So if you are heavy news consumers, you are probably more likely to be aware of these new technologies. yeah, improving the awareness in the community and also then being able to question it, like as Tanya says, having that critical...you know, stance is very important in this, you know, online age, in this digital age to be able to question anything and everything that you see online and not take it on face value, which a lot of our respondents in the awareness test, the information verification test did not do is that they just took things on face value.

So I think learning how to question content and the veracity of any content you see online is a very important skill set that everyone in Australia should learn young and old.

Tim Wilford

Well look, thanks for your time today. Before we wrap up, I just want to get you to put your money where your mouth is, so to speak. So as busy scholars in this space, can you tell us a little bit about what your personal media habits look like? How do you limit your, you know, usage of social media, for example? Where do you get your trusted information? Anything and everything, feel free to let us know the secrets.

Sora Park

Yeah, so in my case, I don't really limit the amount because I am a media scholar. It's part of my work to consume media. So I have the luxury of not limiting much use. But I do have a few trusted sources that I subscribe to like newsletters, I think is one of my top sources of news. I subscribe to maybe five or six different newsletters, mostly in specialized topics.

And then other I also, you know, scan my social media feeds just to see what is being said on social media. And I also have a few trusted news sources that I visit maybe once a day or so to check the news, but they're very small numbers. most importantly, I talk about news with my colleagues, family and friends. That keeps me up to date and that probably, you know, I get information from other people that then I can think about whether or not to trust it, whether or not it's important to pursue more and so that's my daily habit.

Tanya Notley

Yeah and like Sora there are sources I use to keep up to date with technology and what's happening but also key people in my own professional networks. In terms of social media accounts I have you know very much locked down an account where I'm more like where I share personal things I know everybody on the friends list whereas you know my public account is much more carefully curated and I'm always aware of the privacy settings that I have on different platforms that I use.

I also make my browser more secure. So I turn off cookies, turn off tracker blocking and that makes it harder for companies to follow me on the web and collect information about me like what I'm searching for. So I think that's something that's quite readily available to people but I don't know that that many people do. And like Sora, make use of reliable news sources. I'm really aware of transparency processes and standards of different news organizations I use. That's really important to me. And I fact check a source check where it's important to do so and I'm know all my alarms are kind of ringing when there's a new source and information coming to me and I need to make a decision about the source before the information.

I think that's a really important thing for people to do. But I do think one of the best defence mechanisms is to recognise that we all have weaknesses and we are all vulnerable. That nobody is immune to disinformation which is increasingly sophisticated. So I try and be aware of my emotional sponsors to content, I ask about my own biases, we all have them and you know I think about what I've been searching for and how that might have influenced what's appearing in front of me.

 So I think yeah just that self-awareness is a really critical first step that you always need like it's not something you can ever let your guard down with because increasingly disinformation is just so targeted.

Tim Wilford

Great advice. Now, final question. So you mentioned before that, you know, best best practice example in Finland that, you know, government over there expects various departments and agencies to be thinking about media literacy, no matter what they're doing. So on this podcast, we naturally will have a lot of policymakers listening. Do you have any resources you would recommend for those who want to learn more and want to put into practice things like you know media literacy best practice either into their day-to-day work when it comes to policy making or even for some of our audience members who are students just to learn more about media literacy in general.

Tanya Notley

Well, I guess, having for the policymakers having a look at these national strategies that other countries have like Finland's latest national media literacy policy is a really good start. It's really comprehensive. It talks about what they're doing and how it works. So it's really great to have access to that information, but also to other media literacy strategies. The UK is on its second national strategy now. So that's really useful. And we've been looking at that as well. In terms of resources, we have some great resources for young people in Australia by our public cultural institutions. ABC Education has great news literacy resources. Museum of Australian Democracy has resources that link to civic participation. Our National Film and Sound Archive has some really great media literacy resources as well for young people, so primary and high school. So the space where there's a gap is adults.

So that's what our project is trying to address right now. But we do have good international resources there of kind of train the trainers. Our project partners with the Civic Online Reasoning project and they have you know award-winning evidence-based resources both for mediators like librarians and educators, seniors and for young people as well. So there are some really great evidence-based resources out there to use and happy to share along the list too.

Tim Wilford

Sora?

Sora Park

That was a comprehensive list, nothing to add but in Australia there is a lack of empirical evidence in adult media literacy as Tanya mentioned. So our three reports might be useful for policymakers to see the state of play of people's level of media literacy among adult Australians. have three reports published so far.

Tim Wilford

Well, Sora, Tanya, thank you for joining me today. It's been wonderful having this important conversation with you.

Tanya Notley

Thank you, Tim.

Sora Park

Thank you.

Tim Wilford

And I should mention to our listeners that you can find relevant links to everything we've discussed in the show notes. I dare say it's going to be a long list, but I do hope you enjoy.

National Security Podcast

Thank you for listening to the National Security Podcast. We welcome listener feedback and suggestions at any time.

So please get in contact at netsecpod@anu.edu.au. For more important conversations about Australia's national security, please subscribe to the podcast, our YouTube channel, and follow us on Twitter and LinkedIn to receive the latest updates.

Additional resources

UK 2024 Media Literacy Strategy

Media literacy in Europe

Australian Media Literacy Resources for Young People:

ABC Media Literacy Week 2024 Guide 

MoAD

NFSA

Media Literacy Resources for Adults

AAP Check the Facts

Inquiry Group (from the United States)

Poynter Institute (from the United States)